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<title>Commencement speech</title>
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<p>In the United States, a <b>commencement speech</b> or <b>commencement address</b> is a speech given to <a href="Graduation" title="Graduation">graduating</a> students, generally at a <a href="University" title="University">university</a>, although the term is also used for <a href="Secondary_education" title="Secondary education">secondary education</a> institutions and in similar institutions around the world.
</p><p>The <b>commencement</b> is a ceremony in which degrees or diplomas are conferred upon graduating students. A commencement speech is typically given by a notable figure in the community or a graduating student. The person giving such a speech is known as a <b>commencement speaker</b>. Very commonly, colleges or universities will invite politicians, important citizens, or other noted speakers to come and address the graduating class.
</p><p>A student speaker may deliver remarks either in lieu or in conjunction with a notable outside figure. Student commencement speakers are often <a href="Valedictorian" title="Valedictorian">valedictorians</a> or may otherwise be elected by their peers to represent the student body.
</p><p>Despite meaning "beginning", <i>commencement</i> may be mistaken to mean "ending" due to its association with the end of one's studies. Its usage originated with students finishing their studies and being awarded a degree, thus commencing as bachelors or masters in a subject and enjoying new privileges within academia.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_commencement_speeches">Notable commencement speeches</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> at <a href="Harrow_School" title="Harrow School">Harrow School</a> in 1941<sup id="cite_ref-Time_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="George_C._Marshall" title="George C. Marshall">George C. Marshall</a> at <a href="Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in 1947: the <a href="Marshall_Plan" title="Marshall Plan">Marshall Plan</a><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="John_F._Kennedy" title="John F. Kennedy">John F. Kennedy</a>'s <a href="American_University_speech" title="American University speech">American University speech</a> in 1963<sup id="cite_ref-Time_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Time-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Richard Feynman</a> at the <a href="California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a> in 1974: "<a href="Cargo_cult_science" class="mw-redirect" title="Cargo cult science">Cargo cult science</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Joseph Brodsky</a> at the <a href="University_of_Michigan" title="University of Michigan">University of Michigan</a> in 1988: "Speech at the Stadium"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a> at <a href="Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 2005<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li>
<li><a href="David_Foster_Wallace" title="David Foster Wallace">David Foster Wallace</a> at <a href="Kenyon_College" title="Kenyon College">Kenyon College</a> in 2005: "<a href="This_Is_Water" title="This Is Water">This Is Water</a>"<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Graduation" title="Graduation">Graduation</a></li>
<li><a href="Speech" title="Speech">Speech</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div>
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</style><cite id="CITEREFOnline_etymology_dictionary" class="citation web cs1">Online etymology dictionary. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.etymonline.com/word/commencement">"commencement (n.)"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-01-26</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Time-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Time_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Time_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090520164648/http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1898670,00.html">"Top 10 Commencement Speeches"</a>. <i><a href="Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time magazine</a></i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.time.com/time/specials/packages/completelist/0,29569,1898670,00.html">the original</a> on May 20, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.cnbc.com/id/37134742/page/7">"The 10 Best Graduation Speeches of All Time: Winston Churchill, Former UK PM"</a>. <a href="CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a>. 13 May 2010<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFHanhimäkiWestad2004" class="citation book cs1">Hanhimäki, Jussi M.; Westad, Odd Arne, eds. (2004). <i>The Cold War: A History in Documents and Eyewitness Accounts</i>. Oxford University Press. p.&nbsp;122. <a href="ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a>&nbsp;<bdi>9780199272808</bdi>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFFeynman1974" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman, Richard P.</a> (June 1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://calteches.library.caltech.edu/51/2/CargoCult.pdf">"Cargo Cult Science"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="California_Institute_of_Technology" title="California Institute of Technology">California Institute of Technology</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2015-10-25</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFBrodsky" class="citation web cs1"><a href="Joseph_Brodsky" title="Joseph Brodsky">Brodsky, Joseph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://brodskiy.su/proza/rech-na-stadione/?lang=en">"Speech at the Stadium"</a>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.stanford.edu/2005/06/12/youve-got-find-love-jobs-says">""You've Got to Find What you Love", Jobs Says"</a>. <i>Stanford News</i>. 2005-06-12<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2022-07-11</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite id="CITEREFLevine2016" class="citation news cs1">Levine, Sam (2016-05-20). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.huffingtonpost.com/entry/david-foster-wallace-this-is-water_us_573e1182e4b0aee7b8e962d0">"David Foster Wallace's Famous Commencement Speech Almost Didn't Happen"</a>. <i>Huffington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-11-05</span></span>.</cite></span>
</li>
</ol></div></div>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.humanity.org/voices/commencements/">The art of the commencement speech, an archive</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rightattitudes.com/2010/05/04/three-great-commencement-speeches/">Excerpts from commencement speeches</a> by <a href="Steve_Jobs" title="Steve Jobs">Steve Jobs</a>, <a href="Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a>, and <a href="J.K._Rowling" class="mw-redirect" title="J.K. Rowling">J.K. Rowling</a></li></ul>
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</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152362#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata743" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&amp;#124;text-top&amp;#124;10px&amp;#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&amp;#124;link=https&amp;#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5152362#identifiers&amp;#124;class=noprint&amp;#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata743" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Authority control databases </div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.worldcat.org/fast/825018">FAST</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/sh85010764">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007284656605171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lux.collections.yale.edu/view/concept/e2469f7a-783a-4798-9622-824399e059d3">Yale LUX</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>
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